Some compounds degrade quickly. Others remain.
PFAS — per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances — are a class of synthetic chemicals used in nonstick cookware, waterproof textiles, stain-resistant fabrics, food packaging, cosmetics, and industrial manufacturing.
They are often called forever chemicals because they do not readily break down in the environment or the human body.
Today, PFAS are detectable in the blood of most Americans. What is becoming increasingly difficult to ignore is where these compounds appear to interact with the body most profoundly: the endocrine and reproductive systems.
The modern fertility conversation often centers around age, stress, nutrition, and genetics. Far less attention is given to the chemical environment surrounding the body every day.
Yet hormones are not isolated systems. They are responsive systems.
They respond to light.
To sleep.
To inflammation.
To nourishment.
To stress.
And increasingly, research suggests, to cumulative chemical exposure.
A growing body of research, including reviews published in Frontiers in Endocrinology and related epidemiologic studies, has examined associations between PFAS exposure and reproductive health outcomes.
Emerging evidence suggests:
PFAS exposure may be associated with menstrual irregularities in some populations
Higher serum PFAS levels correlate with longer time-to-pregnancy in observational studies
Certain PFAS compounds appear linked to altered thyroid hormone levels
Thyroid hormones play a critical role in ovulation, metabolism, and early pregnancy maintenance
Some research suggests associations between PFAS exposure and premature ovarian insufficiency
PFAS compounds are bioaccumulative, meaning they can build in the body over time faster than they are eliminated.
While causation is still being studied, growing evidence suggests chronic PFAS exposure may influence endocrine signaling, thyroid regulation, and reproductive health outcomes.
This matters because the reproductive system does not operate independently from the environment.
It responds to it.
Long before PFAS became part of mainstream conversation, scientists were already raising concerns about how synthetic chemicals interact with the human endocrine system.
In Our Stolen Future (1996), researchers explored how low-dose chemical exposures may interfere with hormonal signaling, fertility, development, and reproductive health — often in ways not captured by traditional toxicology models.
The book helped introduce a now widely accepted concept in environmental health: that timing, accumulation, and chronic low-level exposure may matter just as much as acute toxicity.
At the time, the focus centered on compounds like DDT, PCBs, and industrial pollutants.
Today, scientific attention has increasingly shifted toward PFAS and other persistent endocrine-disrupting chemicals now found in drinking water, food packaging, textiles, cookware, cosmetics, and household dust.
Nearly three decades later, many of the broader concerns raised in Our Stolen Future — including fertility decline, hormone disruption, developmental vulnerability, and cumulative chemical burden — remain active areas of scientific investigation.
The conversation has evolved.
But the central question has not.
What happens when the body is exposed to biologically active synthetic compounds continuously, across decades, beginning before birth?
This is not about fear. It is about recognizing that modern environments are chemically different than those humans evolved within.
Women’s health cannot be separated from environmental health. Fertility, thyroid function, metabolism, cycle health, energy, mood, and neurological regulation are deeply interconnected systems. When compounds persist in blood, tissue, drinking water, household dust, cookware, clothing, and food packaging for years at a time, the conversation shifts from isolated exposure to cumulative physiological load.
And importantly, exposure is rarely singular. PFAS do not exist in isolation. Neither do phthalates. Nor BPA. Nor flame retardants. The body experiences them collectively. Repeatedly. Quietly.
This is why environmental medicine increasingly focuses not only on acute toxicity, but on long-term cumulative burden.
You do not have to change everything overnight.
Reduction is cumulative. Small, consistent shifts lower total body burden over time.
Some of the simplest starting points:
Use reverse osmosis or high-quality PFAS-removing water filtration where possible
Replace scratched or damaged nonstick cookware with stainless steel, cast iron, or 100% ceramic
Avoid stain-resistant and waterproof fabric treatments on furniture, rugs, and clothing
Choose untreated natural fibers like organic cotton, linen, hemp, and wool when possible
Reduce fast fashion and synthetic activewear that rely heavily on chemical finishing treatments
Avoid microwave popcorn bags and grease-resistant food packaging when possible
Store hot foods and liquids in glass rather than plastic
Be mindful of cosmetics marketed as “long wear,” “waterproof,” or “transfer-proof,” which often rely on fluorinated compounds
Vacuum with a HEPA filter to reduce contaminated household dust
Wash new clothing and bedding before use
Choose fragrance-free personal care products where possible
Support companies that disclose material sourcing and chemical testing transparently
Biology responds to repetition. The body responds to what we repeatedly drink from, cook with, sleep on, breathe around, and place against our skin. Exposure is cumulative. And increasingly, the research suggests healing may be cumulative too.
Sunderland EM, Hu XC, Dassuncao C, Tokranov AK, Wagner CC, Allen JG. A review of the pathways of human exposure to poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and present understanding of health effects. Frontiers in Endocrinology.
"Female reproductive health and exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals" — National Institutes of Health / PMC.
Colborn T, Dumanoski D, Myers JP. Our Stolen Future. 1996.
Endocrine Society: Endocrine-disrupting chemical research and policy statements.
NIEHS: Endocrine Disruptors and Human Health.